Entanglement Routing: Difference between revisions
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(Add some references and their correspondence to the network topology.) |
(Added more papers on the further information section based on our talk with Kaushik from his "Distributed Routing in a Quantum Internet" paper. To do: add something from Pirandola) |
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<!-- List of different types of example protocol achieving the functionality--> | <!-- List of different types of example protocol achieving the functionality--> | ||
* All the protocols within this functionality are in the [[:Category: Quantum Memory Network Stage|Quantum Memory Network Stage]]. | * All the protocols within this functionality are in the [[:Category: Quantum Memory Network Stage|Quantum Memory Network Stage]]. | ||
* There are entanglement routing protocols that are specifically designed for certain network topology e.g: linear, rings | * There are entanglement routing protocols that are specifically designed for certain network topology e.g: linear, rings, spheres, grids, recursively generated network or for networks with arbitrary topology. | ||
* Quantum repeater nodes have global (all the network) or local (just neighborhood) information on the state of other nodes. | * Quantum repeater nodes have global (all the network) or local (just neighborhood) information on the state of other nodes. | ||
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* Quantum repeater nodes: | * Quantum repeater nodes: | ||
** Contain qubits that in the short and medium term are applicable to only basic operations i.e, Bell State Measurements to pairs of neighborhood nodes allowing the Entanglement Swapping operation. | ** Contain qubits that in the short and medium term are applicable to only basic operations i.e, Bell State Measurements to pairs of neighborhood nodes allowing the Entanglement Swapping operation. | ||
* Some protocols consider fault-tolerant operations on the nodes but other use [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entanglement_distillation Entanglement Distillation] or Error Corrections schemes on the repeater nodes | * Some protocols consider fault-tolerant operations on the nodes but other use [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entanglement_distillation Entanglement Distillation] or Error Corrections schemes on the repeater nodes [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41534-021-00438-7 5]. | ||
==Further Information== | ==Further Information== | ||
<!-- Add Papers by Pirandola --> | |||
<!-- Any issue that could not be addressed or find a place in the above sections or any review paper discussing a feature of various types of protocols related to the functionality. --> | <!-- Any issue that could not be addressed or find a place in the above sections or any review paper discussing a feature of various types of protocols related to the functionality. --> | ||
<!-- 1) I'm not really sure if it is a good idea to add something about the Distributing Graph States Over Arbitrary Quantum Networks in this page/functionality, maybe as an example of usage of quantum networks ?--> | <!-- 1) I'm not really sure if it is a good idea to add something about the Distributing Graph States Over Arbitrary Quantum Networks in this page/functionality, maybe as an example of usage of quantum networks ?--> | ||
<!-- 2) Should I add some of the references from the .doc I send you? --> | <!-- 2) Should I add some of the references from the .doc I send you? --> | ||
All of the approaches below were based on the specific structure of the physical graphs and manipulation of multi-partite entangled states. However, with current day technologies, these solutions are very difficult to realize in practice. | |||
* Distributing entanglement in a simple chain network: | |||
** For a review: [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7010905 Munro et al. (2015)] | |||
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/0705.4128 Meter et al. (2009)] | |||
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/0808.2972 Goebel et al. (2008)] | |||
** [https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.81.5932 Briegel et al. (1998)] | |||
* Distributing entanglement from a percolation theory point of view: | |||
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/1209.5303 Perseguers et al. (2013)] | |||
** [https://www.nature.com/articles/nphys549 Acín et al. (2007)] | |||
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/0906.1622 Broadfoot et al. (2009)] | |||
* Distributing Entanglements in a noisy network using the concept of quantum network coding: | |||
<!-- ** [https://arxiv.org/abs/0807.0208 Perseguers et al. (2008)] --> | |||
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/0910.4074 Fowler et al. (2010)] | |||
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/0910.1459 Perseguers (2010)] | |||
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.4077 Cavalcanti and Kwek (2012)] | |||
** [https://arxiv.org/abs/1202.1016 Mazurek et al. (2014)] | |||
The routing approaches below are based on classical techniques and these are arguably more likely to be implemented with the near future quantum technology. | |||
In all of these approaches, first, the nodes discover a path from a source to a destination and then distribute the entangled links along the path. The difference between these approaches comes from the path selection algorithms. | |||
* [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8068178 Caleffi (2017)] | |||
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.02020 Gyongyosi and Imre (2018)] | |||
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/1206.5655 Meter et al. (2013)] | |||
* [https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.05238 Schoute et al. (2016)] | |||
Example of optimization metrics of Entanglement Routing Protocols: | |||
* In [[Routing Entanglement in the Quantum Internet]] their goal is to maximize the rate regions simultaneously achievable by the entanglement flows | |||
* In [[Distributed Routing in a Quantum Internet]] their objective is to minimize the latency of the network to serve a request to create entanglement between two distant nodes in the network. | |||
* In [https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9210823 Entanglement Distribution in a Quantum Network: A Multicommodity Flow-Based Approach - Chakraborty et al. (2020)] they consider the problem of optimizing the achievable EPR-pair distribution rate between multiple source-destination pairs. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
# [https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.05238 Schoute et al. Shortcuts to Quantum Network Routing (2016)] | # [https://arxiv.org/abs/1610.05238 Schoute et al. Shortcuts to Quantum Network Routing (2016)] | ||
# [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41534-019-0139-x Pant et al. Routing entanglement in the quantum internet (2019)] | # [https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11630 Chakraborty et al. (2019)] - [[Distributed Routing in a Quantum Internet]] | ||
# [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41534-019-0139-x Pant et al. Routing entanglement in the quantum internet (2019)] - [[Routing Entanglement in the Quantum Internet]] | |||
# [https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3387514.3405853 Shi and Qian, Concurrent Entanglement Routing for Quantum Networks: Model and Designs (2020)] | # [https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3387514.3405853 Shi and Qian, Concurrent Entanglement Routing for Quantum Networks: Model and Designs (2020)] | ||
# [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41534-021-00438-7 Rozpędek et al. Quantum repeaters based on concatenated bosonic and discrete-variable quantum codes (2021)] | # [https://www.nature.com/articles/s41534-021-00438-7 Rozpędek et al. Quantum repeaters based on concatenated bosonic and discrete-variable quantum codes (2021)] | ||
Revision as of 21:49, 22 December 2021
Functionality Description
Entanglement routing allows a quantum network to generate long distance entanglement between two or multiple nodes. As quantum information transmissivity decays exponentially in function of the distance, quantum routers are needed to successfully establish entangled states between any nodes on a quantum network.
The main goal of entanglement routing is to develop efficient routing protocols to enable long distance entanglement.
Tags: Multi Party, Specific Task.
Use Case
- No classical analogue.
Protocols
- All the protocols within this functionality are in the Quantum Memory Network Stage.
- There are entanglement routing protocols that are specifically designed for certain network topology e.g: linear, rings, spheres, grids, recursively generated network or for networks with arbitrary topology.
- Quantum repeater nodes have global (all the network) or local (just neighborhood) information on the state of other nodes.
Properties
- Entanglement routing assumes the presence of:
- Classical and quantum communication physical channels.
- Quantum repeater nodes.
- Quantum repeater nodes:
- Contain qubits that in the short and medium term are applicable to only basic operations i.e, Bell State Measurements to pairs of neighborhood nodes allowing the Entanglement Swapping operation.
- Some protocols consider fault-tolerant operations on the nodes but other use Entanglement Distillation or Error Corrections schemes on the repeater nodes 5.
Further Information
All of the approaches below were based on the specific structure of the physical graphs and manipulation of multi-partite entangled states. However, with current day technologies, these solutions are very difficult to realize in practice.
- Distributing entanglement in a simple chain network:
- Distributing entanglement from a percolation theory point of view:
- Distributing Entanglements in a noisy network using the concept of quantum network coding:
The routing approaches below are based on classical techniques and these are arguably more likely to be implemented with the near future quantum technology. In all of these approaches, first, the nodes discover a path from a source to a destination and then distribute the entangled links along the path. The difference between these approaches comes from the path selection algorithms.
Example of optimization metrics of Entanglement Routing Protocols:
- In Routing Entanglement in the Quantum Internet their goal is to maximize the rate regions simultaneously achievable by the entanglement flows
- In Distributed Routing in a Quantum Internet their objective is to minimize the latency of the network to serve a request to create entanglement between two distant nodes in the network.
- In Entanglement Distribution in a Quantum Network: A Multicommodity Flow-Based Approach - Chakraborty et al. (2020) they consider the problem of optimizing the achievable EPR-pair distribution rate between multiple source-destination pairs.
References
- Schoute et al. Shortcuts to Quantum Network Routing (2016)
- Chakraborty et al. (2019) - Distributed Routing in a Quantum Internet
- Pant et al. Routing entanglement in the quantum internet (2019) - Routing Entanglement in the Quantum Internet
- Shi and Qian, Concurrent Entanglement Routing for Quantum Networks: Model and Designs (2020)
- Rozpędek et al. Quantum repeaters based on concatenated bosonic and discrete-variable quantum codes (2021)
contributed by Shraddha Singh and Lucas Arenstein