# Device-Independent Oblivious Transfer

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This example protocol achieves the task of device-independent oblivious transfer in the bounded quantum storage model using a computational assumption.

## Assumptions

• The quantum storage of the receiver is bounded during the execution of the protocol
• The device used is computationally bounded - it cannot solve the Learning with Errors (LWE) problem during the execution of the protocol
• The device behaves in an IID manner - it behaves independently and identically during each round of the protocol

## Protocol Description

### Protocol 1: DI Rand 1-2 OT${\displaystyle ^{l}}$

Data generation:
1. The sender and receiver execute ${\displaystyle n}$ rounds of Protocol 2 (Self-testing) with the sender as Alice and receiver as Bob, and with the following modification:
If ${\displaystyle CT_{i}=b}$, then with probability ${\displaystyle p}$, the receiver does not use the measurement basis question supplied by the sender and instead inputs ${\displaystyle y_{i}=[}$Computational, Hadamard${\displaystyle ]_{c}}$ where ${\displaystyle c}$ is the receiver's choice bit. Let ${\displaystyle I}$ be the set of indices marking the rounds where this has been done.
For each round ${\displaystyle i\in \{1,...,n\}}$, the receiver stores:
• ${\displaystyle c_{i}^{B}}$
• ${\displaystyle z_{i}^{B}}$ if ${\displaystyle CT_{i}=a}$
• or ${\displaystyle (d_{i}^{B},y_{i},b_{i},h_{i}^{B})}$ if ${\displaystyle CT_{i}=b}$
The sender stores ${\displaystyle \theta _{i}^{A},\theta _{i}^{B},(k_{i}^{A},t_{i}^{A}),(k_{i}^{B},t_{i}^{B}),c_{i}^{A},CT_{i};}$ and ${\displaystyle z_{i}^{A}}$ if ${\displaystyle CT_{i}=a}$ or ${\displaystyle (d_{i}^{A},x_{i},a_{i},h_{i}^{A})}$ and ${\displaystyle y_{i}}$ if ${\displaystyle CT_{i}=b}$
2. For every ${\displaystyle i\in \{1,...,n\},}$ the sender stores the variable ${\displaystyle RT_{i}}$ (round type), defined as follows:
• if ${\displaystyle CT_{i}=b}$ and ${\displaystyle \theta _{i}^{A}=\theta _{i}^{B}=}$Hadamard, then ${\displaystyle RT_{i}=}$ Bell
• else, set ${\displaystyle RT_{i}=}$ Product
3. For every ${\displaystyle i\in \{1,...,n\},}$ the sender chooses ${\displaystyle T_{i}}$, indicating a test round or generation round, as follows:
• if ${\displaystyle RT_{i}=}$ Bell, choose ${\displaystyle T_{i}\in }$ {Test, Generate} uniformly at random
• else, set ${\displaystyle T_{i}=}$ Test
The sender sends (${\displaystyle T_{1},...,T_{n}}$) to the receiver
Testing:
4. The receiver sends the set of indices ${\displaystyle I}$ to the sender. The receiver publishes their output for all ${\displaystyle T_{i}=}$ Test rounds where ${\displaystyle i\notin I}$. Using this published data, the sender determines the bits which an honest device would have returned.
5. The sender computes the fraction of test rounds (for which the receiver has published data for) that failed. If this exceeds some ${\displaystyle \epsilon }$, the protocol aborts
Preparing data:
6. Let ${\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}:=\{i:i\in I}$ and ${\displaystyle T_{i}=}$ Generate} and ${\displaystyle n^{\prime }=|{\tilde {I}}|}$. The sender checks if there exists a ${\displaystyle k>0}$ such that ${\displaystyle \gamma n^{\prime }\leq n^{\prime }/4-2l-kn^{\prime }}$. If such a ${\displaystyle k}$ exists, the sender publishes ${\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}}$ and, for each ${\displaystyle i\in {\tilde {I}}}$, the trapdoor ${\displaystyle t_{i}^{B}}$ corresponding to the key ${\displaystyle k_{i}^{B}}$ (given by the sender in the execution of Protocol 2,Step 1); otherwise the protocol aborts.
7. For each ${\displaystyle i\in {\tilde {I}},}$ the sender calculates ${\displaystyle v_{i}^{\alpha }}$ and defines ${\displaystyle w^{\alpha }}$ by
${\displaystyle w_{i}^{\alpha }={\begin{cases}v_{i}^{\alpha },{\mbox{if }}x_{i}={\mbox{Hadamard}}\\0,{\mbox{if }}x_{i}={\mbox{Computational}}\end{cases}}}$
and the receiver calculates ${\displaystyle v_{i}^{\beta }}$ and defines ${\displaystyle w^{\beta }}$ by
${\displaystyle w_{i}^{\beta }={\begin{cases}0,{\mbox{if }}y_{i}={\mbox{Hadamard}}\\v_{i}^{\beta },{\mbox{if }}y_{i}={\mbox{Computational}}\end{cases}}}$
Obtaining output:
8. The sender randomly picks two hash functions ${\displaystyle f_{0},f_{1}\in F}$, announces ${\displaystyle f_{0},f_{1}}$ and ${\displaystyle x_{i}}$ for each ${\displaystyle i\in {\tilde {I}}}$, and outputs ${\displaystyle s_{0}=f_{0}(a\oplus w^{\alpha }|_{{\tilde {I}}_{0}})}$ and ${\displaystyle s_{1}=f_{1}(a\oplus w^{\alpha }|_{{\tilde {I}}_{1}})}$, where ${\displaystyle {\tilde {I}}_{r}:=\{i\in {\tilde {I}}:x_{i}=[}$Computational,Hadamard${\displaystyle ]_{r}\}}$
9. Receiver outputs ${\displaystyle s_{c}=f_{c}(a\oplus w^{\beta }|_{{\tilde {I}}_{c}})}$

### Protocol 2: Self-testing with a single verifier

1. Alice chooses the state bases ${\displaystyle \theta ^{A},\theta ^{B}\in }$ {Computational,Hadamard} uniformly at random and generates key-trapdoor pairs ${\displaystyle (k^{A},t^{A}),(k^{B},t^{B})}$, where the generation procedure for ${\displaystyle k^{A}}$ and ${\displaystyle t^{A}}$ depends on ${\displaystyle \theta ^{A}}$ and a security parameter ${\displaystyle \eta }$, and likewise for ${\displaystyle k^{B}}$ and ${\displaystyle t^{B}}$. Alice supplies Bob with ${\displaystyle k^{B}}$. Alice and Bob then respectively send ${\displaystyle k^{A},k^{B}}$ to the device.
2. Alice and Bob receive strings ${\displaystyle c^{A}}$ and ${\displaystyle c^{B}}$, respectively, from the device.
3. Alice chooses a challenge type ${\displaystyle CT\in \{a,b\}}$, uniformly at random and sends it to Bob. Alice and Bob then send ${\displaystyle CT}$ to each component of their device.
4. If ${\displaystyle CT=a}$:
1. Alice and Bob receive strings ${\displaystyle z^{A}}$ and ${\displaystyle z^{B}}$, respectively, from the device.
5. If ${\displaystyle CT=b}$:
1. Alice and Bob receive strings ${\displaystyle d^{A}}$ and ${\displaystyle d^{B}}$, respectively, from the device.
2. Alice chooses uniformly random measurement bases (questions) ${\displaystyle x,y\in }$ {Computational,Hadamard} and sends ${\displaystyle y}$ to Bob. Alice and Bob then, respectively, send ${\displaystyle x}$ and ${\displaystyle y}$ to the device.
3. Alice and Bob receive answer bits ${\displaystyle a}$ and ${\displaystyle b}$, respectively, from the device. Alice and Bob also receive bits ${\displaystyle h^{A}}$ and ${\displaystyle h^{B}}$, respectively, from the device.