Arbitrated Quantum Digital Signature: Difference between revisions

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(Created page with "The Arbitrated Quantum Signature protocol is quantum digital signature scheme where the public and private keys are classical in nature, however the signature cipher has a qua...")
 
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* <math>|P\rangle</math>: Private key quantum state where <math>|P\rangle \in {(|\+\rangle, |\-\rangle, |1\rangle,|0\rangle\)^n}</math> and it is the quantum state
* <math>|P\rangle</math>: Private key quantum state where <math>|P\rangle \in \{|+\rangle, |-\rangle, |1\rangle, |0\rangle\}^n</math> and it is the quantum state:


<math>|P\rangle := H^{k_{pri}}|\phi\rangle_{s, t\oplus m}</math>
<math>|P\rangle := H^{k_{pri}}|\phi\rangle_{s, t\oplus m}</math>
 
* <math>P</math>: Classical 2n-bit for <math>n</math>-qubit <math>|P\rangle</math> where <math>|+\rangle</math> is encoded to 10, <math>|-\rangle</math> to 11, <math>|1\rangle</math> to 00 and <math>|0\rangle</math> is encoded to 01.
 
* <math>B_P</math>: This is the set of the basis of each qubit state in <math>|P\rangle</math>.
* $P$: Classical 2n-bit for $n$-qubit $\ket{P}$ where $\ket{+}$ is encoded to 10, $\ket{-}$ to 11, $\ket{1}$ to 00 and $\ket{0}$ is encoded to 01.
<math> B_P = Basis(|P\rangle) \in \{+,\times \}</math>
* $B_P$: This is the set of the basis of each qubit state in $\ket{P}$.
* <math>|F\rangle</math>: Quantum digital digest received by PKG.
    \begin{equation}
* <math>|F'\rangle</math>: Quantum digital digest generated by Verifier.
        B_P = Basis(\ket{P}) \in \{+,\times \}
* <math>u</math>: The most number of verifiers in this scheme.
    \end{equation}
* <math>w</math>: Safety parameter threshold for acceptance.
* $\ket{F}$: Quantum digital digest received by PKG.
* <math>w_0</math>: Security threshold decided in advance.
* $\ket{F}'$: Quantum digital digest generated by Verifier.
* <math>w'</math>: Number of times SWAP test is performed.
* $u$: The most number of verifiers in this scheme.
* <math>|V\rangle_{m, k_{pub},S}</math>: A quantum state, where
* $w$: Safety parameter threshold for acceptance.
<math>|V\rangle_{m, k_{pub},S} := Y^m H^{k_{pub}}|S\rangle_{k_{pri}, m}</math>
* $w_0$: Security threshold decided in advance.
This state is also expressed as <math>\beta|\phi\rangle_{k_{pri}\oplus s, t\oplus m}</math> where <math>\beta \in \{1, -1, \iota, -\iota\}</math>
* $w'$: Number of times SWAP test is performed.
* <math>|Q\rangle</math>: Result of Verifier's measurement of <math>|V\rangle_{m, k_{pub},S}</math>.
* $\ket{V}_{m, k_{pub},S}$: A quantum state, where
* <math>Q</math>: Classical bit string denoted as <math>Q \in \{00, 01, 10, 11\}^n</math>. It is proven that <math>P=Q</math>.
    \begin{equation}
* <math>\delta</math>: <math>\langle F|F\rangle'</math>, where <math>\delta \in [0,1)</math>.
        \ket{V}_{k_{pub},S} := Y^m H^{k_{pub}}\ket{S}_{k_{pri}, m}
    \end{equation}
    This state is also expressed as $\beta\ket{\phi}_{k_{pri}\oplus s, t\oplusm}$ where $\beta \in \{1, -1, \iota, -\iota\}$
* $\ket{Q}$: Result of Verifier's measurement of $\ket{V}_{m, k_{pub},S}$.
* $Q$: Classical bit string denoted as $Q \in \{00, 01, 10, 11\}^n$. It is proven that $P=Q$.
* $\delta$: $\braket{F}{F}'$, where $\delta \in [0,1)$.
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