Quantum Protocol Zoo

Secure Client- Server Delegated Computation

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Functionality Description

Delegated Computation is the task of assigning quantum computation to a powerful untrusted device (known as Server) by a weak (in terms of computational powers) Client while maintaining privacy of Client's data from Server. Protocols under this functionality are commonly called Client-Server protocols. Delegated Quantum Computation (DQC) protocols involve partially/fully classical Client delegate a quantum computation task to a fully powerful quantum Server. All DQC protocols involve three main stages, Preparation Stage, Computation Stage, Output Correction Stage. The roles of Client and Server in the different stages may differ according to the type of communication used. It can be performed via classical and quantum communication. If the communication is carried out during the computation stage, it is online communication else if it is carried out only at during Preparation and Correction stage, it is called offline communication. It can be verifiable or non-verifiable. Hence, it is classified as follows.

Classical Online Communication-Quantum Offline Communication

It involves a partially quantum Client perform a one time quantum communication to send input to the Server, in the preparation Stage and then to receive outputs from the Server, during output correction. The Client and Server then exchange classical messages during the computation phase. Universal Blind Quantum Computation (UBQC) is a protocol falling under this category. In this protocol Client hides his input, output and computation from the Server using MBQC by sending hidden quantum states to the Server. UBQC protocols can be realised by a Prepare and Send UBQC protocol where client prepares and sends the input states to the Server. If the task performed by the Server can be verified by the Client, the protocol is Verifiable Universal Blind Quantum Computation (VUBQC). Same as UBQC, VUBQC can also be realised by Prepare and Send VUBQC.

Classical Online Communication-Quantum Online Communication

It involves a partially quantum Client perform quantum and classical communication throughout the protocol. The Client and Server then exchange classical messages during the computation phase. Universal Blind Quantum Computation (UBQC) is a protocol falling under this category. In this protocol Client hides his input, output and computation from the Server using MBQC by sending hidden quantum states to the Server. Such UBQC protocols can be realised by a Measurement Only UBQC protocol where the client measures some known quantum state prepared by server in a rotated basis to generate input states. Same as UBQC, VUBQC can also be realised by Measurement Only VUBQC protocols. Version for quantum input/output is also available in the descriptions.

Classical Online Communication-No Quantum Communication

It involves a fully classical Client exchanging classical messages with the server throughout. This can be done using protocols for generating secret random qubits, also called Secret Random Qubit Generator (SQRG). One could append SQRG with UBQC to eliminate quantum communication. A protocol falling under this category is Pseudo-Secret Random Qubit Generator (PSRQG). A verification protocol using PSQRG is still an open question.

Classical Offline Communication-Quantum Offline Communication

It involves a partially classical Client performing both classical and quantum communication with the Server during the preparation stage and output correction. There is no communication between the two parties during computation stage. Protocols falling under this category are Quantum Fully Homomorphic Encryption (QFHE). Client hides her input states with the help of some classical encryption using classical Homomorphic Encryption and prepares quantum gadgets (using entanglement) which the Server uses perform computation on the encrypted state. This requires some steps which cannot be realised by classical HE scheme. Later Client decrypts the outcome sent by Server to get the correct result. Just like UBQC, QFHE protocols can also be realised by a Prepare and Send QFHE protocol where client prepares and sends the input states to the Server. If the task performed by the Server can be verified by the Client, the protocol is called, Verifiable Quantum Fully Homomorphic Encryption (VQFHE). Same as QFHE, VQFHE can be realised by Prepare and Send VQFHE. For both QFHE and VQFHE, Measurement Only protocols are an open case. Version for quantum input/output is also available in the descriptions.

Classical Offline Communication-No Quantum Communication

It involves a fully classical Client assign quantum computation to a Server on her classical input/output using only classical communication during the preparation stage and output correction. There is no communication between the two parties during computation stage. It uses only classical Homomorphic Encryption and no quantum gadgets to realize a quantum functionality. Quantum offline communication would be needed in case of quantum input/output. Protocols falling under this category are quantum capable Classical Fully Homomorphic Encryption (FHE) for Quantum Circuits. A verification of FHE for Quantum Circuits protocol is still an open question.

Use Case

Quantum Cloud Computing 

Tags: Two Party, Universal Task, Quantum Functionality, Multiparty Delegated Quantum Computation, Quantum Enhanced Classical Delegated Computing

Properties

  • Blindness asserts the Client’s input/output/computation are blind (unknown) to the Server.
  • Universality asserts the protocol can compute universal set of quantum gates.
  • Correctness asserts that if the protocol is followed it results the same output as when circuit is operated on the input states directly.
  • Compactness asserts the decryption of the encrypted messages does not depend on the size of the computation circuit.
  • Circuit Privacy asserts circuit is private from the party who did not create it.
  • Indistinguishability under Chosen Plaintext Attacks by adversary with quantum computational powers(q-IND-CPA) means that an adversary cannot distinguish between encrypted text from a message and encrypted text from an arbitrary state.
  • Full Homomorphism A fully homomorphic scheme is capable of performing any quantum computation on encrypted text and give the correct outcome after decryption. If a scheme cannot perform all quantum gates, it is called Quantum Homomorphic Encryption (QHE) instead of QFHE.
  • Quantum Capable A classical HE scheme is quantum capable if it can be used to evaluate quantum circuits
  • Circular Security An encryption scheme that encrypts (hides) its own keys
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