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Quantum Money is a quantum cryptographic scheme that was first introduced by Wiesner [Wie83] in 1983. Informally, | Quantum Money is a quantum cryptographic scheme that was first introduced by Wiesner [Wie83] in 1983. Informally, a quantum money is a unique (e.g. has a serial number) and unforgeable (e.g. unclonable) physical object that is created by a third party called Mint (that could be trusted or not trusted). Then, it is circulated among potentially untrusted parties, Holder, who might attempt to forge it for double spending. However a Merchant, upon receiving it, should be able to verify the money has not been forged and originated from Mint. There are various verification schemes based on different types of communication they use and type of key encryption used by Mint see Protocols. | ||
== Protocols == | == Protocols == | ||
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=== Private Key with Quantum Verification === | === Private Key with Quantum Verification === | ||
It involves a trusted party called Bank, who shares secrete key with Mint for all distributed money. For verification, Merchant sends quantum money to Bank through a quantum channel. Bank performs local quantum operations depending on the secret key they hold to reject or accept the money. | |||
*[[Wiesner Quantum Money]]: [[:Category: Quantum Memory Network Stage|Quantum Memory Network Stage]] | *[[Wiesner Quantum Money]]: [[:Category: Quantum Memory Network Stage|Quantum Memory Network Stage]] | ||
*[[Quantum | *[[Quantum Cheques]] | ||
=== Private Key with Classical Verification === | === Private Key with Classical Verification === | ||
It involves a trusted party called Bank, who shares secrete key with Mint for all distributed money. For verification, Merchant performs local quantum operations on the money and sends classical data to Bank who accepts or rejects based on the secret key they holds. | |||
*[[Quantum Coin]]: [[:Category: Quantum Memory Network Stage|Quantum Memory Network Stage]] | *[[Quantum Coin]]: [[:Category: Quantum Memory Network Stage|Quantum Memory Network Stage]] | ||
*[[Quantum Token]]: [[:Category: Quantum Memory Network Stage|Quantum Memory Network Stage]] | *[[Unforgeable Quantum Token]]: [[:Category: Quantum Memory Network Stage|Quantum Memory Network Stage]] | ||
=== Public Key with Quantum Verification === | === Public Key with Quantum Verification === | ||
For verification, Merchant performs local quantum operations depending on the public key of the money to reject or accept the money. | |||
== Properties == | == Properties == | ||
*A QMoney scheme is '''correct''' if an original quantum money issued by | |||
*A QMoney scheme is | *A QMoney scheme is '''correct''' if an original quantum money issued by Ming is accepted by the verifier with unit probability. | ||
*A QMoney scheme is Information-theoretically or Computationally '''secure''' if no adversarial holder with unlimited or computational power can pass verification with different Merchants or Banks at the same time with high probability. | |||
* A QMoney is '''reusable''' if an honest Holder can pass verification with different Merchants or Banks at different times. | * A QMoney is '''reusable''' if an honest Holder can pass verification with different Merchants or Banks at different times. | ||
== Further Information == | == Further Information == | ||
<div style='text-align: right;'>''*contributed by Mahshid Delavar and Mathieu Bozzio''</div> | <div style='text-align: right;'>''*contributed by Mahshid Delavar and Mathieu Bozzio''</div> |